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Nor did this mean only the native welfare of the papacy, the good order and peace of the Patrimony of Peter. Though not all are present in anybody narrative, there is no good motive for doubting their common accuracy. But are they the stuff of fantasy? Kleinclausz (l'Empire Carolingien, and so forth., Paris, 1902, 441 sqq.) denies the authenticity of the famous letter (871) of Emperor Louis II to the Greek Emperor Basil (in which the previous recognizes fully the papal origin of his own imperial dignity), and attributes it to Anastasius Bibliotheca in 879. His arguments are weak; the authenticity is admitted by Gregorovius and O. Harnack. Peter and Paul, the pope approached him, positioned upon his head the imperial crown, did him formal reverence after the historic manner, saluted him as Emperor and Augustus and anointed him, whereas the Romans current burst out with the acclamation, thrice repeated: "To Carolus Augustus crowned by God, mighty and pacific emperor, be life and victory" (Carolo, piisimo Augusto a Deo coronato, magno et pacificio Imperatori, vita et victoria). Despite the earlier goodwill and help of the papacy, the Emperor of Constantinople, professional heir of the imperial title (he still referred to as himself Roman Emperor, and his capital was formally New Rome) had lengthy proved incapable of preserving his authority in the Italian peninsula.

However, the event of Christmas Day, 800, was lengthy resented at Constantinople, the place ultimately the successor of Charles was occasionally known as "Emperor", or "Emperor of the Franks", however never "Roman Emperor". Then again, there seems no motive to doubt that for some time previous the elevation of Charles had been discussed, both at house and at Rome, particularly in view of two information: the scandalous condition of the imperial government at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian house. It may be famous here that the chroniclers of the ninth century treat as "restitution" to St. Peter the varied cessions and grants of cities and territory made at this interval by the Carolingian rulers within the limits of the Patrimony of Peter. Suffice it so as to add here that whereas the imperial consecration made him in theory, what he was already in actual fact, the principal ruler of the West, and impropriated, because it were, within the Carolingian line the majesty of historic Rome, it also lifted Charles at once to the dignity of supreme temporal protector of Western Christendom and specifically of its head, the Roman Church.

Baluze, I, 247, 341, 345); also that after the ceremony he made very rich gifts to the Basilica of St. Peter, and that on the same day the pope anointed (as King of the Franks) the younger Charles, son of the emperor سعر الذهب اليوم في الكويت and at that time most likely destined to succeed in the imperial dignity. Leo was despatched back to Rome escorted by royal missi; the insurgents, completely frightened and unable to persuade Charles of the pope's iniquity, surrendered, and the missi despatched Paschalis and Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders towards Pope Leo, to the king, to be dealt with at the royal pleasure. Charles, it is true, after his imperial consecration exercised practically at Rome his authority as Patricius, or protector of the Roman Church. This (the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate) he considerably omitted from the partition of the Frankish State made at the Diet of Thionville, in 806. It is to be famous that in this public division of his estate he made no provision for the imperial title, also that he dedicated to all three sons "the defence and protection of the Roman Church".

In any case, since the Donation of Pepin (752) the pope was formally sovereign of the duchy of Rome and the Exarchate; hence, apart from its impact on his shadowy claim to the sovereignty of all Italy, the Byzantine ruler had nothing to lose by the elevation of Charles. This resolution produced a domino impact. In actuality this Roman patriciate, both underneath Pepin and Charles, was not more than a excessive protectorship of the civil sovereignty of the pope, whose local independence, both earlier than and after the coronation of Charles, is traditionally certain, even aside from the aforesaid imperial charters. It's sure that Charles continuously attributed his imperial dignity to an act of God, made known in fact by way of the agency of the Vicar of Christ (divino nutu coronatus, a Deo coronatus, in "Capitularia", ed. Charles received the Vicar of Christ with all due reverence. Long before this occasion Pope Adrian I had conferred (774) on Charles his father's dignity of Patricius Romanus, which implied primarily the protection of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges, above all in the temporal authority which it had gradually acquired (notably in the previous Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by just titles within the course of the two preceding centuries.